diff --git a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/connection-paint.ts b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/connection-paint.ts
index cca12e4..1b38d35 100644
--- a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/connection-paint.ts
+++ b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/connection-paint.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+/**
+ * 连线超出原生端点包围范围的额外绘制索引。用曲线控制点凸包加半线宽保守包住笔画，
+ * 不要求求出三次曲线的精确极值。无法获取锚点/协议或耗尽预算时返回 unknown，宿主应保守保留显示。
+ */
 import type {Registry} from '../canvas-core/types.ts';
 import type {projectCanvas} from './projection.ts';
 import type {HitServices} from './hit-query.ts';
@@ -6,39 +10,57 @@ import {equal} from '../canvas-core/values.ts';
 import {compatConnector} from './connectors.ts';
 /** Conservative cubic control hull + half stroke, in the displayed scene space.
  * Missing/custom geometry stays unknown so a host cannot interpret it as invisible. */
+/** 可选缓存的共享实现，限制本次边数和总曲线段数。
+ * 缓存命中仍扣减段预算，不让缓存历史悄悄放宽相同查询的工作量语义。 */
 function connectionPaint(projection:ReturnType<typeof projectCanvas>,registry:Registry,services:HitServices={},maxEdges=4096,maxSegments=4096,cache?:Map<string,{signature:unknown;segments:number;region?:PaintRegion}>){
  if(![maxEdges,maxSegments].every(n=>Number.isSafeInteger(n)&&n>0&&n<=1000000))throw Error('invalid_paint_budget');
  const regions:PaintRegion[]=[],unknown:string[]=[],nodes=new Map<string,typeof projection.nodes[number]>(),endpoints=new Set<string>();
  // Only inspected edges need node entries. Preserve last-ID-wins behavior without
  // allocating an entry and pair array for every unrelated projected node.
+ // 仅为边预算内真正要检查的端点建节点表；仍遍历节点，但不为所有无关节点分配 Map 条目。
  for(let i=0;i<Math.min(maxEdges,projection.edges.length);i++){const edge=projection.edges[i];endpoints.add(edge.source);endpoints.add(edge.target);}
  if(endpoints.size)for(const node of projection.nodes)if(endpoints.has(node.id))nodes.set(node.id,node);
  let remainingSegments=maxSegments,computed=0;
  for(let index=0;index<projection.edges.length;index++){
+  // 超出边预算给全局 paint_budget，而非声称未检查的边没有额外范围。
   if(index>=maxEdges){unknown.push('paint_budget');break;}const edge=projection.edges[index];
   try{const record=projection.document.elements.get(edge.id),source=nodes.get(edge.source),target=nodes.get(edge.target);if(!record||record.structure!=='connection'||!source||!target)throw Error();
+   /** 优先用 renderer 锚点；原生 record-v1 不能猜旧卡片把手，缺测量即归 unknown。 */
    const anchor=(node:typeof source,handle:string|null|undefined,end:'source'|'target')=>services.anchor?services.anchor(node,handle,end,edge):node.data.__headlessRecord?undefined:compatConnector(node,handle,end==='source'?'right':'left');
    const from=anchor(source,edge.sourceHandle,'source'),to=anchor(target,edge.targetHandle,'target'),transform=projection.transforms.get(record.ownerCanvasId);if(!from||!to||!transform||![from.point,from.normal,to.point,to.normal].every(point=>point&&Number.isFinite(point.x)&&Number.isFinite(point.y))||![transform.x,transform.y,transform.scale,transform.rotation].every(Number.isFinite)||transform.scale<=0)throw Error();
    const protocol=edge.type!=='unsupported'&&registry.resolve(record)==='known'?registry.components.get(record.componentId)?.geometry:undefined;
+   // 同时捕获显示边、真实记录、端点位置/大小、锚点及变换；预览/移动都可能改变曲线范围。
    const signature={record,edge,from:{point:{...from.point},normal:{...from.normal}},to:{point:{...to.point},normal:{...to.normal}},transform:{...transform},source:{position:{...source.position},width:source.width,height:source.height},target:{position:{...target.position},width:target.width,height:target.height}},old=cache?.get(edge.id);
+   // 即使本边范围是空，也可缓存“已证明没有额外范围”，避免重复调用几何服务。
    if(old&&equal(old.signature,signature)){if(old.segments>remainingSegments){unknown.push('paint_budget');break;}remainingSegments-=old.segments;if(old.region)regions.push(old.region);continue;}
    computed++;
+   // renderer 服务优先，随后用组件几何协议；stroke 也必须来自同一显示语义。
    const segments=services.edgeGeometry?.(edge,from,to)??(protocol?.kind==='connection'?protocol.segments({element:record,source:from,target:to,displayPath:edge.data?.__headlessRecord?undefined:edge.data?.path??null,transform}):undefined),stroke=services.strokeWidth?.(edge)??(protocol?.kind==='connection'?protocol.strokeWidth({element:record,transform}):undefined);
+   // 校验每边段数、线宽，再扣全局剩余段数；空段列表是已知无笔画，不应误标 unknown。
    if(!segments||!Array.isArray(segments)||segments.length>maxSegments||typeof stroke!=='number'||!Number.isFinite(stroke)||stroke<0)throw Error();if(!segments.length){cache?.set(edge.id,{signature,segments:0});continue;}if(segments.length>remainingSegments){unknown.push('paint_budget');break;}remainingSegments-=segments.length;
    let left=Infinity,top=Infinity,right=-Infinity,bottom=-Infinity;
+   // 三次曲线完全位于控制点凸包内，所有控制点的轴对齐包围盒提供保守范围。
    for(const segment of segments){if(!Array.isArray(segment)||segment.length!==4)throw Error();for(const point of segment){if(!point||!Number.isFinite(point.x)||!Number.isFinite(point.y))throw Error();left=Math.min(left,point.x);top=Math.min(top,point.y);right=Math.max(right,point.x);bottom=Math.max(bottom,point.y);}}
+   // 向四侧扩半线宽，同时检查端点相加不溢出，否则当前边转 unknown。
    const half=stroke/2,x=left-half,y=top-half,width=right-left+stroke,height=bottom-top+stroke;if(![x,y,width,height,x+width,y+height].every(Number.isFinite))throw Error();
+   // 原生范围由两端节点矩形并集包围；只有实际笔画包围盒超出它，才添加补充空间行。
    const native={left:Math.min(source.position.x,target.position.x),top:Math.min(source.position.y,target.position.y),right:Math.max(source.position.x+source.width!,target.position.x+target.width!),bottom:Math.max(source.position.y+source.height!,target.position.y+target.height!)};
    if(!Object.values(native).every(Number.isFinite))throw Error();const region=x<native.left||y<native.top||x+width>native.right||y+height>native.bottom?{id:edge.id,bounds:{x,y,width,height}}:undefined;if(region)regions.push(region);cache?.set(edge.id,{signature,segments:segments.length,region});
+  // 异常几何不保留过时缓存；单边失败隔离为该 ID 的 unknown，不影响其它已知范围。
   }catch{cache?.delete(edge.id);unknown.push(edge.id);}
  }
  return{regions,unknown,computed};
 }
 
+/** 无缓存的单次计算入口，供调用方独立获取额外范围及未知原因。 */
 export function projectedConnectionPaintOverflow(projection:ReturnType<typeof projectCanvas>,registry:Registry,services:HitServices={},maxEdges=4096,maxSegments=4096){return connectionPaint(projection,registry,services,maxEdges,maxSegments);}
 /** Host revision invalidates geometry services whose external configuration changes. */
+/** 视图级曲线范围缓存与网格。外部锚点/样式服务配置改变时，宿主必须同步推进 geometryRevision，
+ * 仅换闭包或修改服务内部状态不在元素签名中，不能指望缓存自行察觉。 */
 export function createConnectionPaintIndex(){
  const cache=new Map<string,{signature:unknown;segments:number;region?:PaintRegion}>(),index=createPaintIndex();let owner:Registry|undefined,project:string|undefined,canvas:string|undefined,revision:unknown,computed=0;
+ /** 同步当前场景；范围身份或 geometryRevision 变化整体失效，删除已移出的边缓存。
+  * query 与 unknown 配套使用；computed 是累计重新计算数，不把缓存命中记成一次曲线计算。 */
  return Object.freeze({sync(projection:ReturnType<typeof projectCanvas>,registry:Registry,services:HitServices={},geometryRevision?:unknown,budget:{maxEdges?:number;maxSegments?:number}={}){
   if(owner!==registry||project!==projection.document.projectId||canvas!==projection.canvasId||!Object.is(revision,geometryRevision)){cache.clear();index.clear();owner=registry;project=projection.document.projectId;canvas=projection.canvasId;revision=geometryRevision;}
   const result=connectionPaint(projection,registry,services,budget.maxEdges??4096,budget.maxSegments??4096,cache),seen=new Set(projection.edges.map(edge=>edge.id));for(const id of cache.keys())if(!seen.has(id))cache.delete(id);index.sync(result.regions);computed+=result.computed;return Object.freeze({query:index.query,unknown:Object.freeze(result.unknown)});
diff --git a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/connectors.ts b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/connectors.ts
index f717263..2c98e40 100644
--- a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/connectors.ts
+++ b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/connectors.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,27 @@
+/**
+ * 提供旧卡片兼容布局与原生测量布局的连线锚点。
+ * 两种协议不能混猜：compat-v1 依卡片边框/ports 排布，record-v1 应使用 renderer 实测 Handle。
+ */
 import type {CanvasGeometryNode} from './compat-types.ts';
 import type {ProjectionNode} from './projection.ts';
 import {nodeConnector,type Connector,type ConnectorSide} from '../canvas-geometry.ts';
+/** 兼容几何节点加投影 data，保留 measured 尺寸和旧卡片端口声明。 */
 type CompatNode=CanvasGeometryNode&{data:ProjectionNode['data']};
 /** Same card-border and port layout used by CanvasEdge. Never infer it for record-v1 DOM. */
+/** 方向优先取降级外壳提示，再取标准 handle 名、port 方向或调用方 fallback。
+ * 同方向多个 port 沿高度均匀分布，与兼容 CanvasEdge 使用同一布局。 */
 export function compatConnector(node:CompatNode,handle:string|null|undefined,fallback:ConnectorSide):Connector{
  const port=Array.isArray(node.data.ports)?node.data.ports.find(port=>port&&`port:${port.id}`===handle):undefined,hints=(node.data as ProjectionNode['data']&{__headlessFallback?:{handles?:{id:string;side:ConnectorSide}[]}}).__headlessFallback?.handles,projected=Array.isArray(hints)?hints.find(hint=>hint?.id===handle&&['top','right','bottom','left'].includes(hint.side))?.side:undefined,side=projected??(['top','right','bottom','left'].includes(handle??'')?handle as ConnectorSide:port?.direction==='input'?'left':port?'right':fallback),result=nodeConnector(node,side);
+ // 输入/输出各自独立排序，用测量高度优先；默认400仅属于旧卡片布局约定。
  if(port){const peers=node.data.ports!.filter(item=>item.direction===port.direction);result.point.y+=((peers.indexOf(port)+1)/(peers.length+1)-.5)*(node.measured?.height||node.height||400);}return result;
 }
+/** renderer 测量端口：绝对位置与 source/target handle 边界，避免在这里依赖整个 UI store。 */
 export type MeasuredNode={readonly internals:{readonly positionAbsolute:{x:number;y:number};readonly handleBounds?:{readonly source?:readonly MeasuredHandle[]|null;readonly target?:readonly MeasuredHandle[]|null}}};
+/** 单个 Handle 在节点中的相对矩形及所在边。 */
 type MeasuredHandle={readonly id?:string|null;readonly position:ConnectorSide;readonly x:number;readonly y:number;readonly width:number;readonly height:number};
 /** Native Handle outer edge, matching the installed React Flow loose connection mode. */
+/** 从实际 Handle 外侧中心生成锚点与朝外法线。target 可采用 source 把手以匹配 loose 模式，
+ * 指定 handleId 未找到或尚无测量时返回 undefined，不编造中心点。 */
 export function measuredConnector(node:MeasuredNode|undefined,handleId:string|null|undefined,end:'source'|'target'):Connector|undefined{
  const bounds=node?.internals.handleBounds;if(!node||!bounds)return;const handles=end==='source'?bounds.source??[]:[...(bounds.target??[]),...(bounds.source??[])],handle=handleId?handles.find(handle=>handle.id===handleId):handles[0];if(!handle)return;
  const {x,y}=node.internals.positionAbsolute,side=handle.position,normals={top:{x:0,y:-1},right:{x:1,y:0},bottom:{x:0,y:1},left:{x:-1,y:0}},point={x:x+handle.x+(side==='left'?0:side==='right'?handle.width:handle.width/2),y:y+handle.y+(side==='top'?0:side==='bottom'?handle.height:handle.height/2)};return{point,normal:normals[side]};
diff --git a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/paint-index.ts b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/paint-index.ts
index 1ce82b4..74eb9ef 100644
--- a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/paint-index.ts
+++ b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/paint-index.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * 显示空间的可重建均匀网格，用于额外绘制范围的可见性查询。
+ * 大区域、大查询或超出安全格坐标时用保守回退，避免为了空间索引速度漏掉可见元素。
+ */
 import type {Id} from '../canvas-core/types.ts';
 import type {Rect} from '../canvas-core/geometry.ts';
 import {fault} from '../canvas-core/values.ts';
+/** 区域 ID 与场景轴对齐矩形；不保存节点内容、选择或交互状态。 */
 export type PaintRegion={readonly id:Id;readonly bounds:Rect};
+/** 同时校验端点，防止有限 x/width 相加后溢出；允许零面积边界。 */
 const valid=(r:Rect)=>r&&[r.x,r.y,r.width,r.height,r.x+r.width,r.y+r.height].every(Number.isFinite)&&r.width>=0&&r.height>=0;
+/** 包含边界接触的保守交集，与 nativeRectVisible 的正面积判定用途不同。 */
 const intersects=(a:Rect,b:Rect)=>a.x<=b.x+b.width&&b.x<=a.x+a.width&&a.y<=b.y+b.height&&b.y<=a.y+a.height;
 /** Rebuildable view-space grid. Oversized regions/queries fall back without false negatives. */
+/** cellSize 决定网格尺度，maxCells 限制单区域/查询展开的格数，默认512和256。 */
 export function createPaintIndex(cellSize=512,maxCells=256){
  if(!Number.isFinite(cellSize)||cellSize<=0||!Number.isSafeInteger(maxCells)||maxCells<1)throw fault('invalid_paint_index');
  const rows=new Map<Id,Rect>(),cells=new Map<string,Set<Id>>(),members=new Map<Id,readonly string[]>(),overflow=new Set<Id>();
+ /** 算出覆盖格键；负坐标用 floor，过大或不安全的格范围返回 undefined 走保守路径。 */
  function keys(r:Rect){const x=Math.floor(r.x/cellSize),y=Math.floor(r.y/cellSize),right=Math.floor((r.x+r.width)/cellSize),bottom=Math.floor((r.y+r.height)/cellSize);if(![x,y,right,bottom].every(Number.isSafeInteger)||(right-x+1)*(bottom-y+1)>maxCells)return;const result:string[]=[];for(let a=x;a<=right;a++)for(let b=y;b<=bottom;b++)result.push(`${a},${b}`);return result;}
+ /** 同时清除反向成员表、格桶与溢出集合，空桶立即释放。 */
  function remove(id:Id){for(const key of members.get(id)??[]){const bucket=cells.get(key)!;bucket.delete(id);if(!bucket.size)cells.delete(key);}members.delete(id);overflow.delete(id);rows.delete(id);}
  return Object.freeze({
+  /** 先验证完整输入的 ID 唯一性和矩形，再更新差异；超大区域归入 overflow，每次查询都检查。 */
   sync(regions:readonly PaintRegion[]){const incoming=new Map<Id,Rect>();for(const region of regions){if(!region.id||incoming.has(region.id)||!valid(region.bounds))throw fault('invalid_paint_region');incoming.set(region.id,{...region.bounds});}for(const id of rows.keys())if(!incoming.has(id))remove(id);for(const [id,r]of incoming){const old=rows.get(id);if(old&&old.x===r.x&&old.y===r.y&&old.width===r.width&&old.height===r.height)continue;remove(id);rows.set(id,r);const list=keys(r);if(!list){overflow.add(id);continue;}members.set(id,list);for(const key of list){let bucket=cells.get(key);if(!bucket)cells.set(key,bucket=new Set());bucket.add(id);}}},
+  /** 普通查询查覆盖格加 overflow，大查询扫描全部行，最后统一按矩形相交过滤。 */
   query(region:Rect):ReadonlySet<Id>{if(!valid(region))throw fault('invalid_paint_region');const list=keys(region),candidates=list?new Set([...overflow,...list.flatMap(key=>[...cells.get(key)??[]])]):new Set(rows.keys());return new Set([...candidates].filter(id=>intersects(rows.get(id)!,region)));},
+  /** 释放所有可重建空间表，不保留跨场景的区域引用。 */
   clear(){rows.clear();cells.clear();members.clear();overflow.clear();},
  });
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projected-paint.ts b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projected-paint.ts
index 65abe69..2dec437 100644
--- a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projected-paint.ts
+++ b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projected-paint.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+/**
+ * 节点额外绘制范围的保守索引。原生 renderer 的未旋转矩形不一定包含旋转/自定义组件的全部笔画，
+ * 因此用 geometry.paint bounds 补充超出的范围；无法解释的节点标 unknown，不能当作已证明不可见。
+ */
 import {clone,equal} from '../canvas-core/values.ts';
 import {rectangleGeometry} from '../canvas-core/geometry.ts';
 import {toLocal,toWorld,type Transform} from '../canvas-core/coordinates.ts';
@@ -5,13 +9,17 @@ import type {ElementRecord,Geometry,GeometryProtocol,Registry} from '../canvas-c
 import type {projectCanvas,ProjectionNode} from './projection.ts';
 import {createPaintIndex,type PaintRegion} from './paint-index.ts';
 /** Extra node paint extents beyond native unrotated React Flow bounds. */
+/** 对每个显示节点还原局部几何，调用组件 paint 边界，再把四角变到场景取轴对齐包围盒。
+ * 只记录超出原生矩形的节点；单节点协议失败记 unknown，其余节点继续处理。 */
 export function projectedPaintOverflow(projection:ReturnType<typeof projectCanvas>,registry:Registry){
  const regions:PaintRegion[]=[],unknown:string[]=[];
  for(const node of projection.nodes)try{
   const element=projection.document.elements.get(node.id),transform=element&&projection.transforms.get(element.ownerCanvasId);if(!element||element.structure!=='node'||!transform)throw Error('missing_geometry');
   const width=node.width!/transform.scale,height=node.height!/transform.scale,center=toLocal(transform,{x:node.position.x+node.width!/2,y:node.position.y+node.height!/2}),geometry={x:center.x-width/2,y:center.y-height/2,width,height,rotation:((node.data.rotation??0)-transform.rotation+360)%360};
+  // 未知/降级节点用标准矩形边界；有效组件可声明更宽的笔画或旋转后的范围。
   const definition=!node.data.__headlessFallback&&registry.resolve(element)==='known'?registry.components.get(element.componentId)?.geometry:undefined,protocol=definition?.kind==='node'?definition:rectangleGeometry;
   const local=protocol.bounds({element,geometry,role:'paint'});if(![local.x,local.y,local.width,local.height].every(Number.isFinite)||local.width<0||local.height<0)throw Error('invalid_paint_bounds');
+  // 局部边界再经分区变换，必须考虑父级旋转/缩放，不能只给原矩形加一个固定像素边距。
   const points=[{x:local.x,y:local.y},{x:local.x+local.width,y:local.y},{x:local.x,y:local.y+local.height},{x:local.x+local.width,y:local.y+local.height}].map(p=>toWorld(transform,p)),x=Math.min(...points.map(p=>p.x)),y=Math.min(...points.map(p=>p.y)),right=Math.max(...points.map(p=>p.x)),bottom=Math.max(...points.map(p=>p.y));
   if(![x,y,right,bottom,right-x,bottom-y].every(Number.isFinite))throw Error('invalid_paint_bounds');
   if(x<node.position.x||y<node.position.y||right>node.position.x+node.width!||bottom>node.position.y+node.height!)regions.push({id:node.id,bounds:{x,y,width:right-x,height:bottom-y}});
@@ -19,10 +27,16 @@ export function projectedPaintOverflow(projection:ReturnType<typeof projectCanva
  return{regions,unknown};
 }
 
+/** 只接节点几何协议；连线范围有独立的曲线/线宽路径。 */
 type NodeProtocol=Extract<GeometryProtocol,{kind:'node'}>;
+/** 缓存签名覆盖生命周期、模型几何、显示预览、变换、协议身份和其声明的数据依赖。 */
 type PaintSignature={incarnation?:number;owner?:string;component?:string;version?:number;geometry?:Geometry;transform?:Transform;x:number;y:number;width?:number;height?:number;rotation:unknown;protocol:NodeProtocol;data:unknown};
+/** 可缺失几何按全数值比较，外部对象换引用不等于显示几何改变。 */
 const sameGeometry=(a:Geometry|undefined,b:Geometry|undefined)=>a===undefined?b===undefined:b!==undefined&&a.x===b.x&&a.y===b.y&&a.width===b.width&&a.height===b.height&&a.rotation===b.rotation;
+/** 变换值比较避免无关根发布反复计算 paint 边界。 */
 const sameTransform=(a:Transform|undefined,b:Transform|undefined)=>a===undefined?b===undefined:b!==undefined&&a.x===b.x&&a.y===b.y&&a.scale===b.scale&&a.rotation===b.rotation;
+/** 验证缓存输入是否等价；协议未声明 dataDependencies 时保守比较整个 element.data，
+ * 显式声明后只比较列出的字段，声明遗漏会由协议实现者负责，不能由缓存自动推导。 */
 function sameSignature(old:PaintSignature,node:ProjectionNode,element:ElementRecord|undefined,t:Transform|undefined,protocol:NodeProtocol){
  if(old.incarnation!==element?.incarnation||old.owner!==element?.ownerCanvasId||old.component!==element?.componentId||old.version!==element?.dataVersion||old.protocol!==protocol||!sameGeometry(old.geometry,element?.structure==='node'?element.geometry:undefined)||!sameTransform(old.transform,t)||old.x!==node.position.x||old.y!==node.position.y||old.width!==node.width||old.height!==node.height||old.rotation!==node.data.rotation)return false;
  const dependencies=protocol.dataDependencies;
@@ -31,30 +45,37 @@ function sameSignature(old:PaintSignature,node:ProjectionNode,element:ElementRec
  for(let i=0;i<dependencies.length;i++)if(!equal(values[i],element?.data[dependencies[i]]))return false;
  return true;
 }
+/** 复制实际依赖值而非持有调用方可变子对象；后续比较用捕获值发现内容变化。 */
 function captureSignature(node:ProjectionNode,element:ElementRecord|undefined,t:Transform|undefined,protocol:NodeProtocol):PaintSignature{
  const dependencies=protocol.dataDependencies;
  return{incarnation:element?.incarnation,owner:element?.ownerCanvasId,component:element?.componentId,version:element?.dataVersion,geometry:element?.structure==='node'?{...element.geometry}:undefined,transform:t?{...t}:undefined,x:node.position.x,y:node.position.y,width:node.width,height:node.height,rotation:node.data.rotation,protocol,data:dependencies===undefined?clone(element?.data):dependencies.map(key=>clone(element?.data[key]))};
 }
 /** View-owned incremental paint grid; unchanged rows retain their captured dependencies. */
+/** 视图级增量 paint 网格，每个节点缓存边界结果，只重新计算签名改变的条目。 */
 export function createProjectedPaintIndex(){
  let registryOwner:Registry|undefined,canvas:string|undefined,project:string|undefined,computed=0,captured=0;
  type Projection=ReturnType<typeof projectCanvas>;
  type Entry={signature:PaintSignature;result:ReturnType<typeof projectedPaintOverflow>};
  const entries=new Map<string,Entry>(),index=createPaintIndex();
  return Object.freeze({
+  /** 切 registry/project/canvas 清空缓存；逐节点收集额外范围与 unknown，再同步网格。 */
   sync(projection:Projection,registry:Registry){
    if(registryOwner!==registry||canvas!==projection.canvasId||project!==projection.document.projectId){entries.clear();index.clear();registryOwner=registry;canvas=projection.canvasId;project=projection.document.projectId;}
    const seen=new Set<string>(),regions:PaintRegion[]=[],unknown:string[]=[];
    for(const node of projection.nodes){seen.add(node.id);const element=projection.document.elements.get(node.id),t=element&&projection.transforms.get(element.ownerCanvasId),old=entries.get(node.id),declared=element&&!node.data.__headlessFallback&&registry.resolve(element)==='known'?registry.components.get(element.componentId)?.geometry:undefined,protocol=declared?.kind==='node'?declared:rectangleGeometry;
     let entry=old;
+    // 单节点计算复用完整算法，保证增量缓存与无缓存查询使用相同几何规则。
     if(!entry||!sameSignature(entry.signature,node,element,t,protocol)){
      const signature=captureSignature(node,element,t,protocol),result=projectedPaintOverflow({...projection,nodes:[node]},registry);captured++;computed++;entry={signature,result};entries.set(node.id,entry);
     }
     regions.push(...entry.result.regions);unknown.push(...entry.result.unknown);
    }
+   // 删除已不在场景中的缓存，返回可查询索引与冻结的未知列表；调用方须保守处理 unknown。
    for(const id of entries.keys())if(!seen.has(id))entries.delete(id);index.sync(regions);return Object.freeze({query:index.query,unknown:Object.freeze(unknown)});
   },
+  /** 累计实际计算/捕获次数和当前项数，仅供诊断，不是帧耗时或文档 revision。 */
   stats:()=>Object.freeze({computed,captured,entries:entries.size}),
+  /** 解除场景与 registry 身份引用并清空网格；累计诊断计数仍保留。 */
   clear(){entries.clear();index.clear();registryOwner=undefined;canvas=undefined;project=undefined;},
  });
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projection-cache.ts b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projection-cache.ts
index d13f698..8d13d61 100644
--- a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projection-cache.ts
+++ b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projection-cache.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,25 @@
+/**
+ * React Flow 输入对象的结构共享缓存，与计算场景的 scene-projection 分工不同。
+ * 按元素代次与 owner 判定同一生命周期，复用值相等的 data/style/position 和整个数组，减少显示刷新。
+ * 缓存属于一个 owner/project/视图 canvas，既不是业务文档，也不是跨项目身份仓库。
+ */
 import type {Document,Id} from '../canvas-core/types.ts';
 import {equal,fault} from '../canvas-core/values.ts';
 import type {projectCanvas} from './projection.ts';
 
+/** 只处理已经生成的投影，不在这里解释元素组件或计算坐标。 */
 type Projection=ReturnType<typeof projectCanvas>;
+/** 原对象的生命周期证据；同 ID 的重建或移动 owner 后不能直接继承旧显示对象。 */
 type Retained<T>={incarnation:number;ownerCanvasId:Id;value:T};
 /** View-owned rendering cache, never a document store. Keep unchanged React Flow input identities. */
+/** 创建视图专属结构共享器；reuse 会就地替换传入投影数组中的等价条目，调用方应提供派生数组。 */
 export function createProjectionCache(){
   let scope:object|undefined,projectId:Id|undefined,canvasId:Id|undefined;
   let nodeArray:Projection['nodes']|undefined,edgeArray:Projection['edges']|undefined;
+  /** 数组长度与逐项引用完全一致时沿用旧数组，顺序改变也会产生新数组身份。 */
   const stable=<T>(previous:T[]|undefined,next:T[])=>previous?.length===next.length&&next.every((value,index)=>value===previous[index])?previous:next;
   let nodes=new Map<Id,Retained<Projection['nodes'][number]>>(),edges=new Map<Id,Retained<Projection['edges'][number]>>();
+  /** 对每个显示 ID 核验模型身份，再逐层共享等价字段；返回仅包含本帧元素的新缓存表。 */
   function retain<T extends{id:Id}>(document:Document,values:T[],previous:Map<Id,Retained<T>>){
     const next=new Map<Id,Retained<T>>();
     for(let index=0;index<values.length;index++){
@@ -17,6 +27,7 @@ export function createProjectionCache(){
       const old=previous.get(value.id),sameLifetime=old&&old.incarnation===record.incarnation&&old.ownerCanvasId===record.ownerCanvasId;
       if(sameLifetime&&old.value===value){next.set(value.id,old);continue;}
       let shared=value;
+      // 常见嵌套字段独立共享，使其它显示属性变化时也能保留未变化的 data/style/position。
       if(sameLifetime)for(const key of ['data','style','position'] as const){const incoming=(shared as Record<string,unknown>)[key],before=(old.value as Record<string,unknown>)[key];if(Object.hasOwn(shared,key)&&Object.hasOwn(old.value,key)&&!Object.is(incoming,before)&&equal(incoming,before))shared={...shared,[key]:before};}
       const retained=sameLifetime&&equal(old.value,shared)?old.value:shared;
       values[index]=retained;next.set(value.id,{incarnation:record.incarnation,ownerCanvasId:record.ownerCanvasId,value:retained});
@@ -24,17 +35,21 @@ export function createProjectionCache(){
     return next;
   }
   return Object.freeze({
+    /** 范围改变先整体清空；保存规范化后的对象表及稳定数组，返回包装后的投影。 */
     reuse(owner:object,document:Document,viewCanvasId:Id,projection:Projection):Projection{
       if(scope!==owner||projectId!==document.projectId||canvasId!==viewCanvasId){nodes.clear();edges.clear();nodeArray=undefined;edgeArray=undefined;scope=owner;projectId=document.projectId;canvasId=viewCanvasId;}
       const nextNodes=retain(document,projection.nodes,nodes),nextEdges=retain(document,projection.edges,edges);
       nodes=nextNodes;edges=nextEdges;nodeArray=stable(nodeArray,projection.nodes);edgeArray=stable(edgeArray,projection.edges);
       return{...projection,nodes:nodeArray,edges:edgeArray};
     },
+    /** 读取本轮保留的节点显示对象，供 renderer 测量等显示流程使用。 */
     getNode(id:Id){return nodes.get(id)?.value;},
+    /** 只有上下文、生命周期、renderer type、尺寸和 data 均兼容才可沿用旧测量，不能只比较 ID。 */
     canRetainMeasurement(owner:object,document:Document,viewCanvasId:Id,value:Projection['nodes'][number]){
       const old=nodes.get(value.id),record=document.elements.get(value.id);
       return scope===owner&&projectId===document.projectId&&canvasId===viewCanvasId&&!!old&&!!record&&old.incarnation===record.incarnation&&old.ownerCanvasId===record.ownerCanvasId&&old.value.type===value.type&&old.value.width===value.width&&old.value.height===value.height&&equal(old.value.data,value.data);
     },
+    /** 清空对象/数组和范围身份，调用方无需也不应据此清除业务文档。 */
     clear(){nodes.clear();edges.clear();nodeArray=undefined;edgeArray=undefined;scope=undefined;projectId=undefined;canvasId=undefined;},
   });
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projection.ts b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projection.ts
index c3bcaf7..fe09a05 100644
--- a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projection.ts
+++ b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/projection.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+/**
+ * 把编辑器文档与瞬态手势投影成 renderer 可消费的节点、边与坐标变换。
+ * 模型 ID/代次/owner 保留原意；折叠分区只改变显示端点，不迁移连线归属或修改真实引用。
+ * 同一套 projectNode/projectEdge 被完整遍历与增量补丁共用，避免两条路径产生不同显示规则。
+ */
 import type {DocumentQueries} from '../canvas-core/queries.ts';
 import type {GeometryProjectionCache} from './geometry-cache.ts';
 import type { Document, ElementRecord, Geometry, Id, Json, Point, Registry } from '../canvas-core/types.ts';
@@ -9,21 +14,30 @@ import type {CanvasNodeData,EdgeData} from './compat-types.ts';
 
 import { childCanvasTransform, toWorld, transformPath, type Transform } from '../canvas-core/coordinates.ts';
 export { toWorld, toLocal, transformPath, type Transform } from '../canvas-core/coordinates.ts';
+/** 当前显示 canvas 自身作为场景原点，不叠加它在外层画布中的布局。 */
 const origin:Transform={x:0,y:0,scale:1,rotation:0};
+/** 无法解释或缺 renderer 时的降级外壳；只暴露类型/版本及从已知结构派生的连接把手。 */
 export type FallbackProjection = {reason:'unknown-component'|'unsupported-version'|'renderer-unavailable';componentId:string;dataVersion:number;handles:{id:string;side:'top'|'right'|'bottom'|'left'}[]};
+/** renderer 节点形状。__headlessTarget 绑定真实身份，record-v1 另带模型记录与所属 canvas 变换。 */
 export type ProjectionNode = {id:Id;type:string;position:Point;width?:number;height?:number;selected?:boolean;draggable?:boolean;zIndex?:number;measured?:{width?:number;height?:number};style?:{width?:number|string;height?:number|string;pointerEvents?:'none'|'auto'};data:CanvasNodeData&{__headlessFallback?:FallbackProjection;__headlessRecord?:ElementRecord;__headlessTransform?:Transform}};
 
+/** 显示端点可以指向折叠入口；record-v1 把路径解释留给 renderer，compat-v1 接已转换路径。 */
 export type ProjectionEdge={id:Id;type?:string;source:Id;target:Id;sourceHandle?:string|null;targetHandle?:string|null;selected?:boolean;zIndex?:number;data:EdgeData&{__headlessRecord?:ElementRecord;__headlessTransform?:Transform}};
+/** 仅将 JSON 对象当作 presentation 读取，空值/数组不推测为有效展示配置。 */
 const object = (value: Json | undefined) => value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) ? value : {};
 
 /** Construct one node. Scene updates and full traversal share exactly the same projection rules. */
+/** 优先采用手势预览几何，再计算场景中心/尺寸/旋转；已知组件的移动能力仍由 registry 判断。
+ * renderer 不可用与数据未知分别记录 fallback 原因，不修改原始 payload 来伪造兼容数据。 */
 export function projectNode(element:Extract<ElementRecord,{structure:'node'}>,canvasId:Id,registry:Registry,selected:{has(id:Id):boolean},geometry:Geometry|undefined,transform:Transform,depth:number,child:Id|undefined,renderers:RendererCatalog,cache?:GeometryProjectionCache):ProjectionNode{
   const g = geometry ?? element.geometry, projectedGeometry=cache?.node(element.id,element.incarnation,g,transform),center = projectedGeometry?undefined:toWorld(transform, { x: g.x + g.width / 2, y: g.y + g.height / 2 });
   const width = projectedGeometry?.width??g.width * transform.scale, height = projectedGeometry?.height??g.height * transform.scale, resolved=registry.resolve(element),known=resolved==='known';
   const renderer=renderers.resolve(element);
+  // 组件未知、版本不支持、renderer 缺失是不同失败边界；降级时不展开任意组件数据给旧 renderer。
   const fallback:FallbackProjection|undefined=!known||!renderer?{reason:resolved==='known'?'renderer-unavailable':resolved,componentId:element.componentId,dataVersion:element.dataVersion,handles:[]}:undefined;
   const type = fallback ? 'unsupported' : renderer!.rendererId;
   const data = element.data;
+  // 几何统一在场景单位；frame 层序按深度调整，兼容 frame 的内容区不截住其内部元素点击。
   const projected: ProjectionNode = { id: element.id, type, position: projectedGeometry?{...projectedGeometry.position}:{ x: center!.x - width / 2, y: center!.y - height / 2 }, width, height, selected: selected.has(element.id), draggable: known && registry.supports(element, 'geometry.move'), zIndex: element.componentId === 'frame' ? depth - 100 : depth * 2,
     style: { width, height, ...(element.componentId === 'frame'&&!fallback&&renderer?.projection==='compat-v1' ? { pointerEvents: 'none' as const } : {}) },
     data: { ...(fallback?{}:data), __headlessTarget:Object.freeze({id:element.id,incarnation:element.incarnation,ownerCanvasId:element.ownerCanvasId,canvasId:canvasId}), kind: element.componentId as CanvasNodeData['kind'], title: typeof data.title === 'string' ? data.title : element.componentId, text: !fallback&&typeof data.text === 'string' ? data.text : '', __headlessFallback:fallback, __headlessRecord:!fallback&&renderer?.projection==='record-v1'?element:undefined,__headlessTransform:!fallback&&renderer?.projection==='record-v1'?transform:undefined, rotation: projectedGeometry?.rotation??(g.rotation + transform.rotation) % 360, viewScale: transform.scale*(!fallback?unitScale(data.presentation):1), ...(child ? { subgraph: { boardId: child } } : {}) } as CanvasNodeData,
@@ -32,8 +46,11 @@ export function projectNode(element:Extract<ElementRecord,{structure:'node'}>,ca
 }
 
 /** Endpoints are already resolved to their displayed node IDs by the caller. */
+/** 调用方已确定显示 source/target；真实端点被入口替代时清除原 portId，避免端口指向错误外壳。
+ * 预览只替代本条边的路径；不把 data 内可能残留的 path 混入已验证的结构路径。 */
 export function projectEdge(element:Extract<ElementRecord,{structure:'connection'}>,source:Id,target:Id,registry:Registry,selected:{has(id:Id):boolean},transform:Transform,edgePreview:{target:{id:Id};path:Json}|null|undefined,renderers:RendererCatalog,cache?:GeometryProjectionCache):ProjectionEdge{
   const renderer=renderers.resolve(element),fallbackEdge=registry.resolve(element)!=='known'||!renderer;
+  // 原生 record-v1 接记录和变换自行绘制；兼容路径转换到场景，未知边不解释自定义路径。
   const path = fallbackEdge||renderer?.projection==='record-v1' ? undefined : (cache?cache.edge(element.id,element.incarnation,edgePreview?.target.id===element.id?edgePreview.path:element.path,transform):transformPath(edgePreview?.target.id === element.id ? edgePreview.path : element.path, transform));
   const renderPath = path!==undefined&&connectionPathValid(path) ? path : undefined;
   const { path: unusedPath, ...edgeData } = element.data; void unusedPath;
@@ -41,15 +58,21 @@ export function projectEdge(element:Extract<ElementRecord,{structure:'connection
 }
 
 /** Renderer projection retains identity/owner in the model, including nested and collapsed canvases. */
+/** 从显示根深度优先投影展开分区，记录可见节点和被折叠祖先代理的子 canvas。
+ * 只输出 owner 在当前显示范围的连线，再把不可见子节点端点映射到其折叠入口。 */
 export function projectCanvas(document: Document, canvasId: Id, registry: Registry, selected: ReadonlySet<Id> | { has(id: Id): boolean }, geometry: (id: Id) => Geometry | undefined, edgePreview?: { target: { id: Id }; path: Json } | null, renderers:RendererCatalog=builtinRendererCatalog,services:{queries?:DocumentQueries;geometry?:GeometryProjectionCache;owner?:object}={}) {
   if (!document.canvases.has(canvasId)) throw fault('canvas_not_loaded', [canvasId]);
+  // 索引必须对应同一 document/registry；几何缓存以 owner/project/canvas 隔离。
   const queries=services.queries,cache=services.geometry;if(queries&&queries.document!==document)throw fault('stale_query_snapshot');if(queries&&queries.registry!==registry)throw fault('query_registry_changed');cache?.begin(services.owner??cache,document.projectId,canvasId);
+  // transforms 只包含展开范围；hiddenBy 把所有折叠后代 canvas 指向当前可见的入口节点。
   const transforms = new Map<Id, Transform>([[canvasId, origin]]), hiddenBy = new Map<Id, Id>(), childByEntry = new Map<Id, Id>();
   if(!queries)for (const canvas of document.canvases.values()) if (canvas.parent) childByEntry.set(canvas.parent.entryElementId, canvas.id);
   const members = new Map<Id, ElementRecord[]>();
   if(!queries)for (const element of document.elements.values()) { const list = members.get(element.ownerCanvasId) ?? []; list.push(element); members.set(element.ownerCanvasId, list); }
+  /** 有查询索引用其稳定成员序；无索引时由模型直接归属派生一次成员表，不维护第二份事实。 */
   const getMembers=(id:Id)=>queries?queries.members(id).map(id=>document.elements.get(id)!):members.get(id)??[];
   const nodes: ProjectionNode[] = [], visible = new Set<Id>();
+  /** 递归展开只改变投影：先输出入口，再按其当前几何/单位比例变换子分区。 */
   const visit = (id: Id, depth: number) => {
     const transform = transforms.get(id)!;
     for (const element of getMembers(id)) if (element.structure === 'node') {
@@ -58,6 +81,7 @@ export function projectCanvas(document: Document, canvasId: Id, registry: Regist
       nodes.push(projected); visible.add(element.id);
       if (child) {
         const presentation = object(data.presentation);
+        // 未知入口无法安全解释子分区展示规则，也按折叠处理；后代都映射到这一可见入口。
         if (!!fallback || presentation.collapsed === true) {
           const stack = [child]; while (stack.length) { const hidden = stack.pop()!; hiddenBy.set(hidden, element.id); if(queries)stack.push(...queries.childCanvases(hidden));else for (const canvas of document.canvases.values()) if (canvas.parent?.canvasId === hidden) stack.push(canvas.id); }
         } else {
@@ -67,14 +91,17 @@ export function projectCanvas(document: Document, canvasId: Id, registry: Regist
     }
   };
   visit(canvasId, 0);
+  // 只从已展开 owner 找边；边在模型中仍归其原 canvas，显示代理不是把边迁入子 canvas。
   const edges: ProjectionEdge[] = [];
   for (const element of queries?queries.orderedElements([...transforms.keys()].flatMap(id=>queries.members(id).filter(id=>document.elements.get(id)?.structure==='connection'))).map(id=>document.elements.get(id)!):document.elements.values()) if (element.structure === 'connection' && transforms.has(element.ownerCanvasId)) {
+    /** 可见端点保留原 ID；隐藏端点改用折叠祖先入口。无法显示或两端同代理时仅省略本帧边。 */
     const endpoint = (id: Id) => visible.has(id) ? id : hiddenBy.get(document.elements.get(id)?.ownerCanvasId ?? '');
     const source = endpoint(element.source.elementId), target = endpoint(element.target.elementId);
     if (!source || !target || source === target) continue;
     edges.push(projectEdge(element,source,target,registry,selected,transforms.get(element.ownerCanvasId)!,edgePreview,renderers,cache));
   }
   // Handles come from known envelope endpoints, never from opaque component payloads.
+  // 降级把手只取标准方向与边结构的端口引用，不从未知组件的任意 payload 推测端口声明。
   const nodesById=new Map(nodes.map(node=>[node.id,node]));
   const fallbackNodes=new Map(nodes.filter(node=>node.data.__headlessFallback).map(node=>[node.id,node.data.__headlessFallback!]));
   const handleIds=new Map<Id,Set<string>>();
@@ -82,6 +109,7 @@ export function projectCanvas(document: Document, canvasId: Id, registry: Regist
   for(const edge of edges)for(const end of ['source','target'] as const){
     const fallback=fallbackNodes.get(edge[end]);
     if(!fallback){
+      // 未知边接兼容节点时只保留实际已知 handle，防止 renderer 寻找不存在的 DOM 端口。
       if(edge.type==='unsupported'&&!nodesById.get(edge[end])?.data.__headlessRecord){
         const node=nodesById.get(edge[end]),field=end==='source'?'sourceHandle':'targetHandle',handle=edge[field];
         if(!handleIds.has(edge[end])){const ids=new Set(['top','right','bottom','left']);if(Array.isArray(node?.data.ports))for(const port of node.data.ports)if(port&&typeof port.id==='string')ids.add(`port:${port.id}`);handleIds.set(edge[end],ids);}
@@ -89,9 +117,11 @@ export function projectCanvas(document: Document, canvasId: Id, registry: Regist
       }
       continue;
     }
+    // 降级节点可补出边明确引用的把手，分配一个可显示的方向；这是显示外壳，不更改模型 portId。
     const field=end==='source'?'sourceHandle':'targetHandle',handle=edge[field]|| (end==='source'?'right':'left');edge[field]=handle;
     const seen=handleIds.get(edge[end])!;if(!seen.has(handle)){seen.add(handle);fallback.handles.push({id:handle,side:end==='source'?'right':'left'});}
   }
+  // 本轮遍历结束后删除未访问的几何缓存项，只返回派生场景，不发布 editor 修改。
   cache?.end();
   return { document,canvasId,nodes, edges, transforms };
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/scene-changes.ts b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/scene-changes.ts
index 1ba80d6..c1ade0d 100644
--- a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/scene-changes.ts
+++ b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/scene-changes.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+/**
+ * 场景的受检增量修补。只在能够证明拓扑、身份和坐标关系仍兼容时替换少量显示对象；
+ * 不确定就返回 undefined，让调用方完整投影。缓存命中率不能高于模型与显示一致性的优先级。
+ */
 import type {DocumentQueries} from '../canvas-core/queries.ts';
 import type {Document,Id,Registry} from '../canvas-core/types.ts';
 import type {SessionSnapshot,ViewState} from '../canvas-core/gestures.ts';
@@ -5,10 +9,15 @@ import {equal} from '../canvas-core/values.ts';
 import {projectNode,projectEdge,type projectCanvas} from './projection.ts';
 import type {RendererCatalog} from './renderers.ts';
 
+/** 与完整 projectCanvas 保持同一结果结构，避免增量路径自行定义另一套显示规则。 */
 type Projection=ReturnType<typeof projectCanvas>;
+/** 连续发布的可信写集合；from/to 必须恰好连接旧投影与新文档，topology 表示禁止局部修补。 */
 export type SceneChangeHint={from:Document;to:Document;ids:Set<Id>;topology:boolean};
+/** 几何手势的瞬态预览，不将 pointermove 变成文档修改。 */
 type Preview=NonNullable<SessionSnapshot['gesture']>['preview']|undefined;
+/** 真正影响场景内容的输入；viewport/tool/mode 等状态由别的显示通道处理。 */
 export type SceneInputs={owner:object;document:Document;registry:Registry;catalog:RendererCatalog;canvasId:Id;selection:ViewState['selection'];preview:Preview;edgeId:Id|undefined;path:NonNullable<SessionSnapshot['connectionGesture']>['path']|undefined};
+/** 为上一帧建立 ID→数组位置、分区入口及深度索引；发现降级节点/边后禁用快速修补。 */
 export function indexScene(projection:Projection){
  const nodes=new Map(projection.nodes.map((node,index)=>[node.id,index])),edges=new Map(projection.edges.map((edge,index)=>[edge.id,index])),entries=new Map<Id,Id>(),depths=new Map<Id,number>([[projection.canvasId,0]]);
  for(const canvas of projection.document.canvases.values())if(canvas.parent)entries.set(canvas.parent.entryElementId,canvas.id);
@@ -16,12 +25,15 @@ export function indexScene(projection:Projection){
  return{nodes,edges,entries,depths,unsupported:projection.nodes.some(node=>!!node.data.__headlessFallback)||projection.edges.some(edge=>edge.type==='unsupported')};
 }
 /** Reuse existing projections for checked field edits and ordinary node insertions. */
+/** 纯候选投影修补：合并文档/选择/预览脏项，先核对全体脏项再构造新数组。
+ * 允许普通节点新增与受检字段编辑；删除、代次/类型/owner/连线端点变更交给完整路径。 */
 export function patchScene(base:Projection,layout:ReturnType<typeof indexScene>,next:SceneInputs,previous:SceneInputs,connection:SessionSnapshot['connectionGesture'],hint?:SceneChangeHint,queries?:DocumentQueries):Projection|undefined{
  const {document,selection,preview,registry,catalog,canvasId}=next;
  const {selection:oldSelection,preview:oldPreview,edgeId:oldEdgeId,path:oldPath}=previous;
  if(layout.unsupported||document.projectId!==base.document.projectId)return;
  const dirty=new Set<Id>(),created=new Set<Id>();
  if(document!==base.document){
+  // 可信连续 changes 可直接路由 ID；拓扑提示则立刻放弃。无提示时需要逐项核对表顺序及内容。
   if(hint?.from===base.document&&hint.to===document){if(hint.topology)return;for(const id of hint.ids)dirty.add(id);}
   else{
    // Canonical replacement and missed publications carry no trustworthy write set.
@@ -33,16 +45,21 @@ export function patchScene(base:Projection,layout:ReturnType<typeof indexScene>,
    for(const[id,record]of document.elements){if(id!==elementOrder.next().value)return;if(record!==base.document.elements.get(id)&&!equal(record,base.document.elements.get(id)))dirty.add(id);}
   }
  }
+ // 选择变化取对称差；预览变化同时检查新旧集合，取消预览也必须重画旧目标。
  if(selection!==oldSelection){for(const id of oldSelection)if(!selection.has(id))dirty.add(id);for(const id of selection)if(!oldSelection.has(id))dirty.add(id);}
  if(preview!==oldPreview){for(const[id,g]of oldPreview??[])if(!equal(g,preview?.get(id)))dirty.add(id);for(const[id,g]of preview??[])if(!equal(g,oldPreview?.get(id)))dirty.add(id);}
+ // 连线预览换目标或结束时，把旧边和新边都标脏，以去掉上一条线的预览。
  if(connection?.target.id!==oldEdgeId||connection?.path!==oldPath){if(oldEdgeId)dirty.add(oldEdgeId);if(connection)dirty.add(connection.target.id);}
  // Validate the whole dirty footprint before constructing or publishing any replacement.
  for(const id of dirty){const before=base.document.elements.get(id),after=document.elements.get(id);
+  // 新节点暂记 created；未改分区拓扑且所属 canvas 已有变换时才可能插入当前场景。
   if(!before&&after?.structure==='node'){created.add(id);continue;}
   if(!before||!after||before.incarnation!==after.incarnation||before.structure!==after.structure||before.componentId!==after.componentId||before.dataVersion!==after.dataVersion||before.ownerCanvasId!==after.ownerCanvasId)return;
   if(before.structure==='connection'&&after.structure==='connection'&&(!equal(before.source,after.source)||!equal(before.target,after.target)))return;
+  // 入口几何/单位展示或其预览变化会影响整棵子树变换，不能只修补入口本身。
   if(before.structure==='node'&&after.structure==='node'&&layout.entries.has(id)&&(!equal(before.geometry,after.geometry)||!equal(before.data.presentation,after.data.presentation)||!equal(oldPreview?.get(id),preview?.get(id))))return;
  }
+ // 懒复制：未受影响的数组与节点/边对象沿用原引用，新对象仍调用完整路径共用的投影函数。
  let nodes=base.nodes,edges=base.edges;const inserted=new Map<Id,Projection['nodes'][number]>();
  for(const id of dirty){const element=document.elements.get(id)!;
   if(element.structure==='node'){
@@ -58,13 +75,16 @@ export function patchScene(base:Projection,layout:ReturnType<typeof indexScene>,
    if(edges===base.edges)edges=[...edges];edges[index]=edge;
   }
  }
+ // 插入后按显示根的深度优先成员序重排引用，不能直接 append 而破坏嵌套绘制层序。
  if(inserted.size){
   // Membership order is depth-first, not global insertion order. Reorder references
   // without reconstructing unaffected nodes, transforms or edge projections.
   const members=new Map<Id,Id[]>();if(!queries)for(const element of document.elements.values()){const list=members.get(element.ownerCanvasId)??[];list.push(element.id);members.set(element.ownerCanvasId,list);}
   const ordered:Projection['nodes']=[];let complete=true;
+  /** 只重排节点引用，不重算未变化节点；任一所需投影缺失就放弃这份候选。 */
   const visit=(owner:Id)=>{for(const id of queries?queries.members(owner):members.get(owner)??[]){const element=document.elements.get(id)!;if(element.structure!=='node')continue;const projected=inserted.get(id)??nodes[layout.nodes.get(id)!];if(!projected){complete=false;return;}ordered.push(projected);const child=layout.entries.get(id);if(child&&base.transforms.has(child))visit(child);}};
   visit(canvasId);if(!complete)return;nodes=ordered;
  }
+ // 文档及数组均未变化时返回原场景，否则只替换必要字段，不发布任何业务状态。
  return nodes===base.nodes&&edges===base.edges&&document===base.document?base:{...base,document,nodes,edges};
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/scene-projection.ts b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/scene-projection.ts
index 27b0470..a7b0bea 100644
--- a/src/lib/canvas-bindings/scene-projection.ts
+++ b/src/lib/canvas-bindings/scene-projection.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+/**
+ * 一个视图拥有的派生场景协调器。组合几何缓存、可信 changes 提示和完整/增量投影，
+ * 读取固定的 session 快照；不把 viewport、工具状态或同步任务状态当成场景重算条件。
+ */
 import {fault} from '../canvas-core/values.ts';
 import type {Change,Document,Registry} from '../canvas-core/types.ts';
 import type {SessionSnapshot,ViewState} from '../canvas-core/gestures.ts';
@@ -8,20 +12,26 @@ import {indexScene,patchScene,type SceneChangeHint,type SceneInputs} from './sce
 import type {RendererCatalog} from './renderers.ts';
 
 /** One view's derived scene. Viewport/tool/mode and task status do not change scene inputs. */
+/** 每个视图独立创建；advance 接 editor 发布，project 接当前显示输入，clear 释放全部派生缓存。 */
 export function createSceneProjection(){
  let geometry=createGeometryProjectionCache();
 
  let previous:SceneInputs|undefined,value:ReturnType<typeof projectCanvas>|undefined,layout:ReturnType<typeof indexScene>|undefined,pending:SceneChangeHint|undefined;
  return Object.freeze({
+  /** 累积从上次投影文档到当前文档的连续写集合；丢发布、无 changes 的替换或大范围改动退回全量。 */
   advance(before:Document,after:Document,changes:readonly Change[]){
    if(before===after)return;
    if(!previous||previous.document===after){pending=undefined;return;}
+   // 只有链尾接上 before 才能继续累计；不连贯时仅从恰好匹配的旧场景重新起链。
    if(pending?.to!==before){pending=previous.document===before?{from:before,to:after,ids:new Set(),topology:false}:undefined;}
    if(!pending)return;pending.to=after;
    if(!changes.length){pending=undefined;return;}
+   // canvas 结构改动或超过16384个脏 ID 时不再扩充集合，标拓扑失效并清空大集合。
    for(const change of changes){if(change.kind==='canvas'){pending.topology=true;break;}pending.ids.add(change.kind==='element'?change.id:change.target.id);if(pending.ids.size>16384){pending.topology=true;break;}}
    if(pending.topology)pending.ids.clear();
   },
+  /** 固定 document/registry/catalog/显示 canvas 和捕获的 session 输入；相同引用直接复用场景。
+   * 可兼容才尝试 patch，失败正常回退 projectCanvas；查询必须与同一份文档/registry 绑定。 */
   project(owner:object,document:Document,view:ViewState,sessions:SessionSnapshot,registry:Registry,catalog:RendererCatalog,queries?:DocumentQueries){
    if(queries&&queries.document!==document)throw fault('stale_query_snapshot');
    if(queries&&queries.registry!==registry)throw fault('query_registry_changed');
@@ -29,12 +39,15 @@ export function createSceneProjection(){
    const next:SceneInputs={owner,document,registry,catalog,canvasId:view.canvasId,selection:view.selection,preview:preview?.size?preview:undefined,edgeId:connection?.target.id,path:connection?.path};
    if(previous&&Object.keys(next).every(key=>Object.is(next[key as keyof SceneInputs],previous![key as keyof SceneInputs])))return value!;
    // Read the captured session, not a newer live gesture during an older React render.
+   // owner/registry/renderer catalog/根 canvas 改变意味着解释上下文变了，不能沿用局部补丁。
    const compatible=previous&&value&&layout&&previous.owner===owner&&previous.registry===registry&&previous.catalog===catalog&&previous.canvasId===view.canvasId;
    const patched=compatible?patchScene(value!,layout!,next,previous!,connection,pending,queries):undefined;
    const result=patched??projectCanvas(document,view.canvasId,registry,view.selection,id=>next.preview?.get(id),connection,catalog,{queries,geometry,owner});
+   // 全量重建或节点数量改变才重建布局索引；成功采用结果后消费并清掉 changes 提示。
    if(!patched||result.nodes.length!==value!.nodes.length)layout=indexScene(result);
    previous=next;value=result;pending=undefined;return result;
   },
+  /** 撤销上一帧、写集合和几何缓存，解除对旧文档/视图的引用。 */
   clear(){previous=undefined;value=undefined;layout=undefined;pending=undefined;geometry=createGeometryProjectionCache();},
  });
 }